Letter Аttributed to the Prophet Muhammad, addressed to Jaifar and Abd al-Julandi

This document is a letter attributed to the Prophet Muhammad and addressed to the rulers of Oman, Jaifar and ʿAbd al-Julanda. Such letters belong to the early diplomatic tradition of Islam in the seventh century.
The text is written in early Kufic script, one of the oldest forms of Arabic calligraphy. At that time, the script lacked diacritical marks and vowel signs, meaning that accurate reading required advanced knowledge of the language and context.
At the bottom of the document is an impression of a seal with the "Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah" can be observed. According to Islamic historical sources, such seals were used to authenticate official correspondence.
The message reflects an important principle of early Islamic diplomacy: the invitation to Islam combined with the possibility for local rulers to retain their authority upon acceptance.
Documents of this kind help illustrate how Islam spread not only through conquest but also through diplomatic communication and agreements. Such approaches later played a role in the Islamization of Central Asia.
This object also represents the early development of written culture and calligraphic traditions that later flourished throughout the Islamic world.